An internal control gene is used to determine the target gene(s) expression and normalization under variable conditions. The expression of internal control genes remains almost constant throughout various experimental conditions to maintain their functions. Due to this, we can use these genes as internal controls in gene expression analysis. This book provides the methods of internal control genes identification that can be thereafter validated and normalized for gene expression measurement in getting reliable data.

Imtiaz Ahmad is a research scholar at Quaid-i-Azam university, Islamabad, Pakistan. He has experience in Molecular Biology of Plants.Dr. Samina Shakeel has received her PhD degree from The Pennsylvania State University and is faculty member at Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.She has productive research output with various publications.