The field of plant nitrogen metabolism continues to be a compelling focus for basic research activities because there is a strong demand for immediate solutions, particularly in key areas, such as improving plant nitrogen use efficiency, which are crucial to future agricultural sustainability and the future economic success of agriculture.
The 13 reviews which comprise this excellent and carefully edited new volume bring together the expertise and enthusiasm of an international team of leading researchers. Topics covered include nitrogen sensing and signalling, uptake and membrane systems, nitric oxide, primary nitrogen assimilation and C/N balance and interactions, and regulation of root and plant architecture. Together, these reviews provide an insight into how plants sense, uptake and assimilate nitrogen into the organic compounds required for growth, co-ordinate nitrogen and carbon metabolism and regulate growth and development according to nitrogen availability. The transcription factors that act to integrate environmental nutrient (nitrogen) signals to co-ordinate primary and secondary metabolism are discussed, together with new concepts of cross-talk, transport and signalling, and how such molecular networks influence nitrogen and carbon cycling processes in the environment.
Annual Plant Reviews, Volume 42: Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants in the Post-genomic Era is an essential purchase for advanced students, researchers and professionals in plant sciences, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics and agricultural sciences, working in the academic and industrial sectors. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught will need copies of this excellent volume on their shelves.
Contributors.
Preface.
1 Nitrogen Assimilation and its Relevance to Crop Improvement(Peter J. Lea and Ben J. Miflin).
1.1 Introduction.
1.2 The assimilation of ammonia.
1.3 Crop improvement through manipulating genes for nitrogen metabolism.
1.4 Conclusions.
Acknowledgements.
References.
2 Transcriptional Profiling Approaches for Studying Nitrogen.
Use Efficiency(Malcolm J. Hawkesford and Jonathan R. Howarth).
2.1 N-responsive genes.
2.2 Nitrogen and crop production.
2.3 Targeting NUtE processes in crop plants.
2.4 Validating candidate genes by correlating gene expression with complex traits.
2.5 Prospects.
Acknowledgements.
References.
3 Energetics of Nitrogen Acquisition(Arnold J. Bloom).
3.1 Availability of nitrogen in the environment.
3.2 Curiosities.
3.3 Mineral nitrogen.
3.4 Plant growth and development.
3.5 Future of plant nitrogen.
References.
4 Transport Systems for NO3 and NH+4(Mathilde Orsel and Anthony J. Miller).
4.1 Nitrogen forms available to plants.
4.2 Nitrogen transport steps and mechanisms.
4.3Arabidopsis as a model.
4.4 Ammonium transporters.
4.5 Nitrate transporters.
4.6 Plastid transport.
4.7 Conclusions and future.
Acknowledgements.
References.
5 Nitric Oxide Synthase-Like Activities in Plants(Hideo Yamasaki, Ryuuichi D. Itoh, Josee N. Bouchard, Ata Allah Dghim, Khurshida K. Hossain, Sushma Gurung and Michael F. Cohen).
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Lifetime of nitric oxide.
5.3 An overview of NO-dependent signalling systems.
5.4 Mammalian-type NOS ghost enzymes in plants.
5.5 Comparative NO-related signalling.
5.6 Algal nitric oxide synthesis an echo from water.
5.7 Nitric oxide synthase in plant-associated bacteria: its occurrence and functions.
5.8 Prospects for NO-dependent signal transduction systems in plants.
5.9 Concluding remarks.
Acknowledgements.
References.
6 Nitrate Reductase and Nitric Oxide(Werner M. Kaiser, Elisabeth Planchet and Stefan Rumer).
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Structure, basic functions and regulation of NR.
6.3 NR-dependent NO formationin vivo, measured as NO emission.
6.4 NO production by NRin vitro.
6.5 Physiological effects of NR-derived NO.
6.6 Conclusions and open questions.
Acknowledgements.
References .
7 Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants: Cross-Talk With Ca2+,Protein Kinases and Reactive Oxygen Species(Jeremy Astier, Angelique Besson-Bard, Izabela Wawer, Claire Parent, Sumaira Rasul, Sylvain Jeandroz, James Dat and David Wendehenne).
7.1 Basic concepts of NO signalling in animals.
7.2 NO signalling in plants.
7.3 Interplays between NO and ROS.
7.4 Conclusion.
Acknowledgements.
References.
8 Theanine: Its Occurrence and Metabolism in Tea(Ning Li and Jacquie de Silva).
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Physiological benefits of theanine.
8.3 Chemical properties and characteristics of theanine in tea.
8.4 Role of theanine in tea.
8.5 Metabolism of theanine in tea.
8.6 Theanine synthase.
8.7 Theanine hydrolase.
8.8 The site of synthesis and transport of theanine in tea.
8.9 Other enzymes capable of synthesizing theanine.
8.10 Nitrogen uptake and transport.
8.11 Nitrate transporters.
8.12 Ammonium transporters.
8.13 Nitrogen assimilation by GS (glutamine synthetase) GOGAT (glutamate synthase).
8.14 Biochemical properties of glutamine synthetase in plants.
8.15 Gene families of glutamine synthetase.
8.16 Regulation of plant glutamine synthetase.
8.17 Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) in plants.
8.18 Glutamate dehydrogenase in plants.
8.19 Regulation of theanine genotypic factors .
8.20 Regulation of theanine agronomic factors.
8.21 Summary.
Acknowledgements.
References.
9 Legume Nitrogen Fixation and Soil Abiotic Stress: From Physiology to Genomics and Beyond(Alex J. Valentine, Vagner A. Benedito and Yun Kang).
9.1 Introduction.
9.2 Legume nitrogen fixation under drought stress.
9.3 Soil acidity.
9.4 Phosphate deficiency.
9.5 Legume biology is taking off.
9.6 Beyond genomics: prospects for legume genetic breeding .
References.
10 Metabolomics Approaches to Advance Understanding of Nitrogen Assimilation and CarbonNitrogen Interactions(Aaron Fait, Agata Sienkiewicz-Porzucek and Alisdair R. Fernie).
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Methods for analysing the plant metabolome.
10.3 Uptake and assimilation of nitrate and ammonium.
10.4 Cross-talk between N and secondary metabolism .
10.5 Summary.
References.
11 Morphological Adaptations ofArabidopsis Roots to Nitrogen Supply(Hanma Zhang and David J. Pilbeam).
11.1 Introduction.
11.2 N-related morphological adaptations inArabidopsis roots.
11.3 The developmental context of N-related morphological adaptations inArabidopsis roots.
11.4 Mechanisms of N-related morphological adaptations inArabidopsis roots.
11.5 Role of NO3 transporters in N-related morphological adaptations.
11.6 Biological significance of the localized stimulatory effect.
11.7 Concluding remarks.
References.
12 Mitochondrial Redox State, Nitrogen Metabolism and Signalling(Christine H. Foyer).
12.1 Introduction.
12.2 TheNicotiana sylvestris mitochondrial cytoplasmic male sterile II mutant.
12.3 Metabolite profiling in CMSII leaves reveals an N-rich phenotype.
12.4 Mitochondrial redox cycling is a key player in determining the rate of nitrate assimilation.
12.5 Regulation of pyridine nucleotide metabolism in CMSII leaves.
12.6 CMSII is an N-sensing/signalling mutant.
12.7 Regulation of gibberellin metabolism and signalling in the CMSII mutant.
12.8 Concluding remarks.
References.
13 The Utilization of Nitrogen by Plants: A Whole Plant Perspective(David J. Pilbeam).
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Nitrogen and plant growth.
13.3 Nitrogen, biomass partitioning and yield.
13.4 Partitioning of nitrogen into metabolites.
13.5 Acquisition of nitrogen by plants.
13.6 Plants, nitrogen and environment.
13.7 Conclusions.
References.
Index.
